Kongxu Dai

3D NIR-II FMT-XCT imaging for quantitative analysis of PD-L1 expression in lung cancer and tumor-draining lymph nodes facilitating immunotherapy efficacy assessment: an exploratory study

Abstract Background Accurate evaluation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is crucial for guiding immunotherapy in lung cancer. Conventional biopsy-based immunohistochemistry (IHC) fails to capture the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression. This stud...