Khuram Naveed

Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics: Part 3—Cautions, Limitations and Future Prospects

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly affecting orthodontic practice and research, yet its adoption requires a careful understanding of both its capabilities and its limitations. As the final part of a three‐section review, this paper focuses on the practical caut...

A fully multivariate multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis method for fault diagnosis

We propose a fully multivariate generalization of multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) and leverage it to develop a fault diagnosis framework for multichannel machine vibration data. We introduce a novel covariance-weighted $L_{pq}$ matrix norm based on Mahalanobis...

Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics: Part 2—Data Preparation and Performance Evaluation

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into orthodontic research and clinical workflows. Yet, the reliability and clinical value of these systems depend fundamentally on the quality of the data used to train them and the rigour with which their performance is eva...