Katarzyna Chojnacka

Clear Aligners as a Prescribed Source of Unmeasured Intra-Oral Micro- and Nanoplastic Exposure: Release Mechanisms, Human Evidence, Salivary Biomonitoring and the EU Regulatory Context

Clear orthodontic aligners are removable polymer devices worn about 22 h a day for 12 to 24 months, increasingly by children. A growing in vitro literature shows that thermoformed and 3D-printed aligners shed micro- and nanoplastics and co-release elemental or organic constituent...