Kalle Lehto

Influence of piston cooling jet and renewable fuel blends on particulate emissions in a gasoline engine

Replacing a portion of the hydrocarbons in fossil fuels with renewable ones can lower net carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions but may increase engine-out pollutants. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines emit particle number (PN) emissions due to fuel evaporation, mixing, and fuel...