Jun-Hyeok Kang

Early Discontinuation of Opioid-Based Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia After Single-Port Adnexal Laparoscopy: Incidence, Reasons, and Postoperative Outcomes

Background/Objectives: Opioid-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) provides postoperative analgesia but can cause adverse effects that lead to early discontinuation. In relatively limited procedures such as single-port access (SPA) adnexal laparoscopy, the bala...