Julius Osi Abu

Black Box and Beyond: Auditing Large Language Models, AI Agents, and AI Infrastructure Under the UK and EU Regulatory Frameworks

Regulators in the European Union and the United Kingdom now require organisations to make high risk AI systems auditable, and neither has said what an audit record must be. This paper supplies the missing content. It argues first that a record is evidence only where its modificat...

Intelligence at the Edge: Design Requirements for Accountable AI in Retail and Algorithmic Trading Under the UK and EU Regimes

Accountability arrangements for artificial intelligence assume there is time to review a decision, room to reverse it, and a single organisation carrying its consequence. Financial-market AI has none of the three. This paper states what a system operating without them must provid...

Intelligence at the Edge: Design Requirements for Accountable AI in Retail and Algorithmic Trading Under the UK and EU Regimes

Accountability arrangements for artificial intelligence assume there is time to review a decision, room to reverse it, and a single organisation carrying its consequence. Financial-market AI has none of the three. This paper states what a system operating without them must provid...

Black Box and Beyond: Auditing Large Language Models, AI Agents, and AI Infrastructure Under the UK and EU Regulatory Frameworks

Regulators in the European Union and the United Kingdom now require organisations to make high risk AI systems auditable, and neither has said what an audit record must be. This paper supplies the missing content. It argues first that a record is evidence only where its modificat...