Julio Álvarez

Temporal shifts in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in indicator and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from Spanish livestock during a period of reduced veterinary antimicrobial sales

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-producing animals is a major One Health concern. In Europe, surveillance programs monitor resistance in commensal Escherichia coli as an indicator organism. However, single-drug metrics often overlook co-resistance patterns and link...