Jose Cruz

Electroconvulsive Therapy Refusal in Severe Psychosis: Navigating Capacity, Surrogate Decision-Making, and Ethical Duty

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains among the most effective interventions in psychiatry for severe depression, catatonia, and treatment-resistant psychosis. Despite its well-established efficacy and safety profile, particularly in medically complex and older patients, its us...