John Vervaeke

The four ways of knowing: revising the 4P model of knowing through a non-dual and reflexive perspective

Abstract Vervaeke and Mastropietro’s 4P model of knowing is a non-representational and process-oriented framework that integrates four interrelated ways of knowing: propositional, procedural, perspectival, and participatory. In this paper, we revise this model, drawing on the ena...