Jinkai Zhang

Demand-Sensitive Time Allocation in Digital Reading: Evidence from 25 Education Systems

Digital assessments record item-visit durations and revisiting. These traces can reveal responses to task difficulty, but achievement associations do not establish stable person-level measures. We linked digitalPIRLS 2021 process, response, and achievement data across 25 educatio...

Beyond Mean Score Differences: Home Language and the Interpretation of Cognitive Test Performance in China

Large-scale surveys often use cognitive test total scores to describe group differences, but the construct meaning of such scores depends on task content, administration, language experience, and opportunities to learn. The China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) word test is an oral M...