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Global, regional, and national burden of low-back pain attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: An age-periodcohort and joinpoint analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

INTRODUCTION: Low-back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Although smoking is a well-established, modifiable risk factor that accelerates intervertebral disc degeneration, comprehensive spatiotemporal analyses of its attributable burden remain scarce. This s...