윤영민

Effect of the Number of Free Faces on Excavated Volume, Advance, and Specific Charge in Model-Scale Single-Hole Blasting: Experiments and Numerical Simulations

Abstract A free face is an exposed, unconfined rock surface that allows blasted rock to move or expand freely upon detonation. The number of free faces fundamentally governs blasting performance in both surface and underground excavation, yet its effects have not been sufficientl...