Irena Canjuga

Comparative Toxicological Profiling Reveals Divergent Redox, Mitochondrial, and Cellular Toxicity to Structurally Diverse Opioids

Opioid neurotoxicity is increasingly associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage; however, direct mechanistic comparisons among structurally diverse opioids remain scarce. We comparatively evaluated morphine, codeine, heroin, buprenorphine, and met...