Gul Rehman

Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in osteoarthritis: mechanisms, microbiome interactions, and nanotechnology-based advances

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease worldwide. OA involves chronic pain, subchondral bone remodeling, synovial inflammation, and progressive cartilage degeneration. Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis disturbs metabolic processes and systemic inflammati...