Guangxiang Liu

AI-mediated informal digital learning of English in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: The roles of L2 motivational selves and learner resilience

The rapid development of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has reshaped informal digital learning, yet most research has focused on well-resourced contexts and often treats AI-mediated learning as a standalone phenomenon. This leaves a limited understanding of how learners...

AI vs. human touch: Comparing non-AI and AI-mediated informal digital learning of English (IDLE) and their associations with affective variables and L2 willingness to communicate

The advancement of digital technologies has spurred a surge in research on informal digital learning of English (IDLE) in second language (L2) acquisition. However, few studies have compared the relationships between artificial intelligence (AI) and non-AI-IDLE on affective varia...