Ghulam Hasan Awan

Epistemic Hidden Defects in Artificial Intelligence: Classical ʿIlal al-Ḥadīth as a Framework for AI Verification

This working paper examines whether the classical methodology of ʿilal al-Ḥadīth—the detection of hidden defects in apparently sound reports—can provide a useful conceptual framework for evaluating artificial-intelligence outputs in specialist knowledge environments. It develops...