Fu‐Shan Xue

Haptic Virtual Reality Training for Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia in Anesthesiology Trainees: Prospective Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Abstract Background Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anesthesia is a complex psychomotor skill requiring precise tactile discrimination. Traditional manikin-based training may be limited by degraded haptic fidelity and inconsistent tissue feedback. Whether skills acquired through h...