Frank Hassel

Interlaminar Versus Transforaminal Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Structured Debate and International Practice Patterns

Objective: This study aimed to synthesize evidence comparing transforaminal (TELD) and interlaminar (IELD) full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy and characterize surgeons’ stated approach preferences across anatomical scenarios.Methods: We conducted a structured narrative (nonsystema...