Faisal Adel Alwazzan

Why the Jannābid Qarāmiṭa of Baḥrayn Occupied Mecca and Plundered the Black Stone in 317/930

This study re-examines the Jannābid (Qarmaṭī) sack of Mecca and seizure of the Black Stone in 317/930. Moving beyond sectarian explanations, it argues the attack was the calculated apex of a coercive strategy, provoked by ʿAbbāsid economic blockade, political exclusion and refusa...