Evelyn L. Hu

Hysteresis and Trap Emission in dc-Biased Integrated Lithium Niobate Electro-optic Modulators

Abstract The electro-optic (EO) effect is crucially important for low power and efficient tuning of integrated photonic circuits. However, in EO materials such as lithium niobate, dc biasing for an extended duration of time results in the emergence of numerous nonidealities, incl...