Ernst L. J. Kleynhans

Hydrogen-Based Fluidized Bed Direct Reduction of Iron Ore: Fundamentals, Process Evolution, and Industrial Challenges

The iron (Fe) and steel industry is responsible for a significant share of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, primarily owing to its reliance on carbon (C)-based reduction routes such as the blast furnace (BF)-basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process. In response to increasingly st...