Enqiang Chang

Perioperative stress–inflammation–immunosuppression axis and tumor progression: mechanistic integration and anesthetic management strategies

Abstract Perioperative stress is an unavoidable part of surgery and may be particularly relevant in patients with cancer. Surgical trauma activates two major stress pathways, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), leading to surges...