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Association of metformin exposure with oncological outcomes in BCG-treated non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a three-arm retrospective cohort study

To evaluate the association between metformin exposure and oncological outcomes in bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-treated non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) using a three-arm cohort design. Because all metformin-exposed patients were diabetic, the study was not designed t...