Di Liu

Optimal Dietary Vitamin A Fortification Improves Growth Performance, Nutrient Metabolism, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Histomorphology in Intensively Cultured Litopenaeus vannamei

Vitamin A (VA) functions as a vital micronutrient supporting growth, immune competence, and stress tolerance in shrimp, though its requirement under industrial high-density rearing conditions has not been established. This study assessed how graded dietary VA levels affect growth...