Chuanchang Li

Association between heart rate, metoprolol use, and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Elevated heart rate is a recognized prognostic marker in heart failure (HF), and beta‑blockers are recommended to control heart rate. However, real-world data on discharge heart rate, beta-blocker dosing, and their prognostic associations in patients with concomitant HF and chron...