Asim Khuwaja

Forecasting the PKR–USD exchange rate using recurrent neural networks: a comparative analysis of LSTM, GRU and CNN

Purpose This study investigates the forecasting of the PKR/USD exchange rate by employing three deep learning architectures: Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). For the first time in PKR/USD exchange rate literature,...