Asaad Mubarak Hussien Musa

Does ESG Disclosure Reduce Firm Risk in Saudi Arabia? Dynamic System GMM Evidence from Tadawul-Listed Companies

This study examines whether environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure reduces firm risk among 73 non-financial Tadawul-listed companies in Saudi Arabia over 2015–2024, with particular attention to the moderating role of board independence. Firm risk is measured as th...