Andrea Crafa

The serum-to-intratesticular testosterone ratio: physiological basis, clinical significance, and methods of derivation in the context of human spermatogenesis

Testosterone is the primary androgen driving spermatogenesis, yet clinical practice relies on serum testosterone measurements while the functionally critical compartment is intratesticular testosterone (ITT). The testis maintains an extraordinary gradient: ITT concentrations in h...

Eating Behavior in Menopausal Women: From Molecular to Clinical Aspects—What Changes?

The menopausal transition represents a critical period in women’s lives characterized by profound hormonal, metabolic, and behavioral changes. Estrogen deficiency during menopause triggers complex alterations in eating behavior through multiple molecular mechanisms involving hypo...