Amir Mohammad Barati

Clinical and Pathophysiological Interplay Between Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Patent Foramen Ovale: A Comparative Narrative Review

ABSTRACT Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) are two fetal cardiovascular shunts that normally undergo functional and anatomical closure shortly after birth. While PDA is a well‐recognized congenital defect in veterinary cardiology, the haemod...