Ali Soyoof

AI vs. human touch: Comparing non-AI and AI-mediated informal digital learning of English (IDLE) and their associations with affective variables and L2 willingness to communicate

The advancement of digital technologies has spurred a surge in research on informal digital learning of English (IDLE) in second language (L2) acquisition. However, few studies have compared the relationships between artificial intelligence (AI) and non-AI-IDLE on affective varia...