Ali Fadel Ibrahim Almahdawi

Iron oxide nanoparticles mitigate salinity stress in Ziziphora clinopodioides by enhancing growth, ion homeostasis, and essential oil content

Salinity is a major environmental constraint limiting the growth, physiological performance, and productivity of medicinal plants. This study investigated the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃-NPs) and bulk ferric oxide on growth, ionic balance, oxidative stress, photosy...