Ait Benali

A Geometric Framework for Vacuum Impedance, the Derivation of Fundamental Constants, and the Electromagnetic Wave as Topological Phase Transition

This preprint presents a unified geometric model of the vacuum as a structured electromagnetic impedance network. We define a 1-radian impedance metric and distinguish between an unconstrained 4π solid-angle free space and a confined 2π von Klitzing phase space. The fine-structur...