Afianti Sulastri

Effect of switching to combustion-free nicotine delivery systems on salivary c-reactive protein levels in smokers with gingivitis or mild periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Smoking is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease and is associated with elevated salivary C-Reactive Protein (CRP), a marker of local inflammation. Combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (CFNDS) reduce exposure to certain combustion-derived toxi...