Adrian Fifere

Revisiting gallbladder stones structure through integrated multiscale physicochemical characterization

Gallstones are complex biominerals formed through physicochemical, metabolic, and microbial processes. In this study, gallstones were comprehensively characterized, revealing a complex elemental profile comprising C, N, O, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, and Cd. The cha...