Abedelmalek Kalefh Tabnjh

Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol Extracts on Human Neutrophil Viability and Inflammatory Responses to Streptococcus mutans

Background/Objective: The increasing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has raised concerns about their possible effects on oral immune responses. Neutrophils are essential for host defense against cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), and impaire...

Longitudinal Change and Tracking of Health-Related Physical Fitness in Adolescents Aged 12–16 Years: A Structured Narrative Review

Background/Objectives: The period between 12 and 16 years of age coincides with peak pubertal change, declining habitual physical activity, and the consolidation of lifelong behavioral patterns, making it a critical window for understanding how fitness develops and how stable (or...